Core Topics in Evidence-Based Medicine
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Appraise Summarizing the evidence Validity of evidence · Study design · Systematic reviews – Meta-analyses – Reporting bias – Subgroup analysis · Randomized controlled trials – N-of-1 controlled trials · Observational studies – Cohort studies – Case-control studies – Adjusted analysis – Prognostic studies · Criterion standard comparisons (diagnostic tests) · Qualitative inquiry · Surprising results · Conduct considerations · Intention to treat · Truncated studies · Bias · Ascertaining effects – Outcome measures in administrative datasets – Effects of subgroup analysis – Economic analysis (cost-effectiveness) Understanding the results · Intervention/exposure · Number needed to treat · Number needed to harm · Measures of effect – Risk ratios (relative risk) – Odds ratios (relative odds) – Hazard ratios – Measuring prognostic studies – Risk differences · Measures of outcome · Measuring patient experience · Composite endpoints · Surrogate outcomes · Resource use · Diagnostic studies · Likelihood ratios · Sensitivity · Specificity · Agreement · K value (kappa) · Phi · Statistical issues · Random-effects model · Fixed-effects model · Tests of heterogeneity (variability in results) · Hypothesis testing · Precision of effects – Random errors – Confidence intervals – P value · Correlation of data · Regression analysis · Statistics in adjusted analysis – Statistics in prognostic studies · Statistics in subgroup analyses